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: Ensuring conditions that avoid mental suffering.
Understanding the relationship between humans and animals involves two distinct but related approaches: animal welfare animal rights : Ensuring conditions that avoid mental suffering
The 20th century saw the rise of factory farming—confining chickens to wire battery cages and pigs to gestation crates. As Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed human exploitation, Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines (1964) exposed animal suffering. This sparked the modern welfare movement (leading to the EU banning battery cages in 2012) and simultaneously radicalized a faction that decided reform was not enough—thus, the modern animal rights movement was born. This sparked the modern welfare movement (leading to
The welfare standard in science is the (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement). This encourages researchers to use alternative in vitro models, use fewer animals, and use painkillers. The rights position rejects the 3Rs as a public relations veneer, arguing that breeding a mouse with a genetic disease to test a chemotherapy drug is a violation of that mouse’s right to life, regardless of how nice the cage is. The rights position rejects the 3Rs as a
However, not all animals in the forest were as fortunate as Luna and Leo. Many were subjected to cruelty, neglect, and exploitation. Some were trapped for their fur, others were used for experimentation, and many more were abandoned without food or shelter.