This is not malice; it is protocol. But protocols that prioritize specificity (avoiding false positives) over sensitivity (detecting early disease) systematically harm patients whose disease trajectories are slow, seronegative, or atypical.
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing . Oxford University Press. megan murkovski a university student came to
Hoffman, D. E., & Tarzian, A. J. (2001). The girl who cried pain: A bias against women in the treatment of pain. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , 29(1), 13–27. This is not malice; it is protocol