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Energy transfer via electromagnetic waves, requiring no medium. 4. Thermodynamic Sign Conventions Using standard engineering conventions for analysis: Positive (+) Negative (–) Work ( ) Done by the system (Output) Done on the system (Input) Heat ( ) Flow into the system Flow out of the system 5. Mathematical Modeling of Processes
Heat is the transfer of energy across a system boundary due solely to a . It naturally flows from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature region. engineering thermodynamics work and heat transfer
The interplay of work and heat transfer is what makes modern life possible: Mathematical Modeling of Processes Heat is the transfer
(Fundamental concepts, Laws, Flow and Non-flow processes). Pick a device (a laptop fan, a pressure cooker, a bicycle)
Pick a device (a laptop fan, a pressure cooker, a bicycle). Draw the boundary. Ask: "Does work cross this line? Does heat cross this line?" Do this ten times, and the confusion disappears.
